Proceedings of TCL2016 Conference - Információs Társadalomért Alapítvány

Cím:
Proceedings of TCL2016 Conference
Kiadó:
Információs Társadalomért Alapítvány
Kiadás éve: 2016. június
Oldalszám: 628
ISBN:
ISSN:

Az Alma Mater sorozat 2001 óta az információ- és tudásmenedzsment első számú hazai tudományos publikációs fóruma, emellett a tudományterületek kapcsolódásának okán, illetve az alkotóműhelyekben meglévő keresztkompetenciák által lehetővé téve – jelentős, a nemzetközi szakmai közösségben is nagy figyelmet elérő tanulmánykötet sorozat.

Letöltés

Cím:

Foreword

Írta:

Lia Bassa

Oldalszám:

1 – 1

Nyelve:

Angol

Cím:

Tokaj Wine Region Historic Cultural Landscape: the challenge to gather territorial actors for a sustainable development and to increase awareness of their role in tourism

Írta:

Krisztina Albert

Oldalszám:

2 – 7

Nyelve:

Angol

The Tokaj Wine Region Historic Cultural Landscape was inscribed on the World Heritage List in 2002. The World Heritage property and it’s buffer zone cover 27 municipalities. The question of the representation and the coordination of the actors was always an important matter in the last 50 years. Since the site’s inscription on the World Heritage list, the concepts of heritage, development and tourism step by step became a priority approach. This paper show how important to position and to study the inhabitant-worker-tourist triangulation in a living and evolving cultural landscape as the Tokaj Wine Region. The failure due to a lack of communication among actors especially the local population, demonstrates the objectives and the system-level of the management. The attributes of the site illustrate the rich and diverse cultural and natural heritage created by human interaction. The conservation, the promotion and the use of the cultural and natural values pose the question concerning the sustainable development of the UNESCO World Heritage Site. The article presents the actual strategies and the management to achieve greater balance and sustainable development between stakeholders and local population in tourism and heritage projects.

Cím:

Sustaining natural heritage sites as great tourist attractions: international guidelines versus local contexts

Írta:

Vincent Andreu-Boussut Dr., Elodie Salin Dr., Céline Chadenas Dr.

Oldalszám:

8 – 27

Nyelve:

Angol

Sustainable management of natural heritage sites (cultural landscapes, protected areas, labelled territories…) is now emerging as a needed horizon for many international institutions (UNESCO, IUCN…), donors or NGOs who disseminate widely, at the international level, best practice guidelines. The aim of this paper is to demonstrate that, for almost twenty years, World Heritage Sites and protected areas stakeholders are trying to find a balance between heritage protection and economic development. Local stakeholders have to face paradox issues on different scales: to build a local governance, to develop a heritage-based healthy tourism economy, to conserve all aspects of heritage (nature, culture, including the sense of place)… In short, managers and stakeholders should be virtuous heritage guardian angels while financial, administrative and human resources are still limited and management is becoming more and more complex. The observation and analysis of local contexts in heritage sites can make clear that the reality is quite different and more complex. Even if the tourist number seems to go too far according to the tolerance threshold and if stakeholders find the situation tricky or alarmist, implementation of a carrying capacity (for example) in local sites is clearly not the standard. At last, innovations can emerge locally, sometimes disconnected from the traditional ways of best practice global circulation or north-south transfers.

Cím:

Monasteries, gastronomy and landscape

Írta:

Silvia Aulet Dr., Lluís Mundet Dr., Dolors Vidal-Casellas Dr.

Oldalszám:

28 – 41

Nyelve:

Angol

Monasteries can be considered as one exponent of the concept of sacred places strongly related to the landscape where they are placed in. They are an example of how tangible and intangible heritage are interrelated: the buildings respond to specific needs related to the daily routine of the community (also religious needs) but also to symbolic meanings. Catalan monasteries have been one of the main transmitters of the Catalan Gastronomy through numerous recipes books, but also have emerged as a conservative of different products that they manufactured like chocolate or wine. In Catalonia there are several monasteries that stand out for their vineyards such as Sant Pere de Rodes (in the Designation of Origin Empordà), Santes Creus, Poblet and Scala Dei (in the Designation of Origin Tarragona) and Sant Benet del Bages (in de Designation of Origina Pla del Bages).What we propose in this paper is to explore the relationship that occurs between monasteries, gastronomy (specially wine but not only) and tourism in the current context and how it can enhance the value of these assets in order to promote their conservation while becomes a value added for tourism destinations.

Cím:

A World Heritage to Be Shared Without Prejudice: New Linkages and Strategies in the Management of Cultural Landscapes

Írta:

Selena Bagnara Milan

Oldalszám:

42 – 54

Nyelve:

Angol

In 1992, the World Heritage Committee adopted landscape categories, consequently cultural landscapes were for the first time inscribed on the World Heritage List as “combined works of nature and of man”. This provided the impulse for a new way of thinking about how humans interact with the environment, and established a strong link between culture, nature, and economic development. The choice was certainly induced by the inclusion of sustainability in heritage conservation and, furthermore, from the fact that in the same year, as one of the resulting documents of the United Nations Conference known as Earth Summit, the Rio Declaration on Environment and Development introduced the concept of “sustainable development’. In 2000, the European Landscape Convention (ELC) was adopted with the specific purpose of promoting “landscape protection, management and planning’, and — keeping with the universal principles of the Rio Declaration — “concerned to achieve sustainable development based on a balanced and harmonious relationship between social needs, economic activity and the environment”. The ELC was, therefore, conceived in the spirit of the Nara Document (1994), which gave new impulse to cultural heritage diversity, stating that cultural heritage demands “respect for other cultures and all aspects of their belief systems”. Moreover, it should be recalled that — with the adoption of the Budapest Declaration on World Heritage (2002) during its 26th session — the World Heritage Committee invited all partners to “ensure an appropriate and equitable balance between conservation, sustainability and development, so that World Heritage properties can be protected while the quality of life of our communities is improved, through appropriate activities such as sustainable tourism”. The Faro Convention (2005) extended furthermore the ELC’s communities centred focus, reinforcing the link between cultural heritage, identity, and participation. In this regard, it must be reported that the UNESCO Guidelines for the inscription of cultural landscapes recommend that “the nominations should be prepared in collaboration with and the full approval of local communities”. Within the above conceptual framework, this paper aims to present meaningful practices and strategies exercised by local communities, institutions/government agencies and third parties in the planning and management of World Heritage Sites characterized as cultural landscapes. In particular, the author will provide some European case studies of management plans related to “landscapes designed and created intentionally by man” — namely, ensembles and monumental buildings surrounded by parks and gardens — and will highlight those interdisciplinary and integrated approaches that are more effective in “balancing conservation and community interests and in securing a sustainable heritage development process” (Kotor Regional Meeting, 2012).

Cím:

World Heritage in danger and tourism stakes in Europe: global concerns for local planning conflicts

Írta:

Mark Bailoni Dr.

Oldalszám:

55 – 66

Nyelve:

Angol

This paper aims to study local conflicts about planning schemes, which could threaten sustainable development in World Heritage sites, by a critical geopolitical analysis. It studies especially the case of the protests against the building of a hydropower dam, close to the Alto Douro Wine Region, a UNESCO listed site in Portugal. Tourism issues are essential in these areas, where the World Heritage ranking, which brings substantial incomes, is threatened by the development project. These planning disputes are firstly conflicts of interests between different stakeholders, acting on different scales and defending their own concerns and perceptions, from local protesters to States representatives in the World Heritage Committee.

Cím:

Cultural Heritage in Hungarian Public Education

Írta:

Krisztina Balázs-Bécsi

Oldalszám:

67 – 76

Nyelve:

Angol

Like in most European countries, Heritage is not integrated centrally to the Hungarian Educational System, yet there are some promising initiatives that can serve as a starting point for best practice share. These initiatives are often taken by World Heritage or other National Heritage sites and always by a bottom-up approach. UNESCO’s and HEREDUC’s related projects, as well as numerous others all around the world are aiming at providing a methodology for the introduction of heritage education. Legal background in Hungary encourages schools to integrate site visits into the curriculum but the necessary class time and financing are not provided. Lower grade students participate mainly in the Forest School project and museum visits are also integrated in some schools. Cultural Landscape sites offer the largest choice of outside-the-classroom activities to schools due to the complexity of this type of heritage. According to my survey, children are age-appropriately informed of and fairly open-minded about cultural heritage. The key to their empathy is that we do not just have to speak their language but also use the channels they are familiar with, including internet, mobile applications, touchscreens and social media. The more interactive we make the knowledge transfer, the more we involve them into the creation process, the larger their interest and commitment will be. Therefore it is our responsibility to determine how prepared and engaged the future decision-makers will be when they will take over this task.

Cím:

Cultural landscapes in Natura 2000 sites: a route through Europe in support of cultural tourism

Írta:

Constantinos Cartalis Prof., Panayotis Dimopoulos Prof.

Oldalszám:

77 – 82

Nyelve:

Angol

In line to the definitions of the World Heritage Committee of UNESCO and of the International Council on Monuments and Sites (ICOMOS) on cultural landscapes, this paper approaches cultural landscapes as physical areas with natural features and elements created and/or modified by human activity, with tangible or intangible cultural and historical patterns of evidence layered in the landscape and reflecting human relationships and interactions with that landscape. It concentrates to cultural landscapes in Natura 2000 sites (i.e. the network of 26,400 nature protection areas, comprising nearly 768,000 km2 in the European Union), in an effort to link cultural and natural heritage. Taken that the development of sustainable and high quality tourism should also include products linked to cultural and natural heritage, the paper presents the elements of a policy for „Cultural Landscapes in Natura 2000 Sites” and demonstrates the potential for cultural tourism, by means of a route crossing several countries and connecting them in a common, cultural and environmental, narrative. The main elements, prerequisites and tools for this policy are presented, along with related case studies as well as a discussion on the role of local communities.

Cím:

Stealing the Steel City: manipulating cultural landscapes

Írta:

Alan Clarke Prof.

Oldalszám:

83 – 95

Nyelve:

Angol

Stealing the Steel City explores the (hi)stories of the city of Sheffield as it has been repositioned as a post manufacturing city in the North of England. One version of the story exists in The Full Monty but the transformation of the cultural landscape has been more complex. The city developed around the cultural landscapes of heavy industries and the cutlery industry but this has been replaced by one of the largest commercial retail sites in Europe and a public house named in honour of the cutlery makers. The city was divided by sport, with the oldest football club in the world Sheffield FC giving rise to two professional clubs – Wednesday and United. The development of the clubs has demonstrated the full impact of embourgeoisement and professionalisation. As a result, the presence of the professional summer sport has been questioned as Sheffield United remodelled their ground into a single function football stadium instead of operating as a cricket ground and a three sided football stadia. This has rewritten the cultural landscape as Wednesdayites now have no reason to enter the home of United (unless the two sides have to play each other).

Cím:

Cinematic representations of landscape: image creation and tourism in the city of Matera

Írta:

Delio Colangelo Dr.

Oldalszám:

96 – 106

Nyelve:

Angol

A classical definition of landscape is “nature perceived through culture”. With regard to the “historicity” of landscape, some authors have pointed to cinema’s ability to record the transformations of a region, while drawing attention to it. Since the end of the Second World War, the Basilicata region has been used as a filming location for over forty feature films. The majority of these films, from Pier Paolo Pasolini’s “The Gospel According to St. Matthew” to Francesco Rosi’s “Christ Stopped at Eboli”, have depicted the misery and backwardness of Basilicata, inspired by the works of authors such as Carlo Levi and Ernesto De Martino. Matera is an interesting case study: while earlier films made in Matera depicted this bleak scenario, in recent years it has been the location of several films, such as Mel Gibson’s “The Passion of the Christ”, that have played an important role in constructing an image of Matera as an almost mystic and culturally dynamic city. Matera will be designated the European Capital of Culture in 2019.

Cím:

Networking on the cultural landscape. The Example of the European Cemeteries Route in France and Spain

Írta:

Montserrat Crivillers Simon

Oldalszám:

107 – 117

Nyelve:

Angol

In the European setting, the network of Cultural Routes is used as a means of promoting common European history and identity. The Council of Europe launched the Cultural Routes programme in 1987. The objectives were focused on boosting the historical and cultural identities of European peoples; on the protection and revitalisation of tangible cultural heritage; and on the creation of new cultures of leisure and entertainment focused on cultural tourism. This article highlights the networking of the European Cemeteries Route in France and Spain. This cultural route was specially created for cultural tourism; its analysis allows us to understand the nature of the different relationships established between the actors at different levels.

Cím:

Pécs World Heritage Management and Tourism

Írta:

Boldizsár Csornay Dr., Bernadett Mészáros

Oldalszám:

118 – 128

Nyelve:

Angol

The authors, classical archaeologist and director Boldizsár Csornay of the Janus Pannonius Museum (JPM) and former heritage manager and tourism expert Bernadett Mészáros first met during the preparation process of the Pecs World Heritage Site Management Plan (WHSMP). In the below article, we would like to focus the reader’s attention on the present of the World Heritage Site; on the problems and needs for change which are related to the local questions of urban development but are also suitable for drawing general conclusions. The main points are: how legal issues affect operation; what makes a tourist attraction authentic and at the same time grabbing the visitor’s attention; how can a 21st Century, cultural plaza like display be reconciled with the immanent values of the monuments. We believe that we can no longer postpone the answers given in concrete plans. The most important economic sector of the City of Pécs is currently tourism which directly requires the strengthening of the destination attraction. The prospective developments can be financed by the Horizon 2020 Programme.

Cím:

The Heritage from Cultural Turn to Inclusive Turn. The Cultural and Sacred Landscapes of the UNESCO List: a Sustainable Track to overcome the Dichotomy between Tangible and Intangible Heritage?

Írta:

Fiorella Dallari Prof.

Oldalszám:

129 – 141

Nyelve:

Angol

The term ‘heritage’ has considerably changed its meaning over time, especially in recent decades and among contemporary local communities, partially owing to the instruments developed by the UNESCO jointly with the World Heritage Center. On the basis of the endless debate within the UNESCO and many theoretical suggestions, this paper aims at providing a framework for the ever changing inter-relationship between tangible and intangible heritage in inclusive values of the UNESCO list cultural landscapes. In the author’s opinion, cultural landscapes are a strategic key for an inclusive turn, where tangible and intangible values intertwine. In this framework, the WHC with the World Heritage Convention of Cultural Landscapes (1992) and the European Landscape Convention (2000) meant to broaden the definition of World Heritage and European Landscape to better reflect the full range of our world’s cultural and natural treasures. The aim was to implement and balance the World Heritage Convention throughout all geographical areas in the world, thanks to rapid social changes linked to deep and widespread processes of local inclusion. The paper assumes a change in the paradigm of cultural shift towards an inclusive shift, starting from the WHC endless debate of tangible/intangible dichotmy, thus the Conventions of Cultural Landscapes, to analize Italian landscapes within the WHL’s 88 properties that embody an exceptional spiritual relationship between people and nature, iconic symbol of the inclusive approach for an Intangible Social Heritage supported by a sacred/spiritual gaze. Can Sacred Landscapes be the first known strategic key among all landscape categories? Is Cultural Landscape likely to produce an Intangible Social Heritage suitable to overcome the historical and geopolitical dichotomy of Tangible and Intangible Heritage and support a shift towards an inclusive society? The paper hopes to contribute to this issue.

Cím:

Geopark, a new UNESCO label for cultural landscapes? The example of Beaujolais vineyard.

Írta:

Soazig Darnay

Oldalszám:

142 – 151

Nyelve:

Angol

The Geopark world network was officially associated with the UNESCO label as of the end of 2015. It highlights areas of exceptional geological heritage and allows us to become more familiar with and understand our worldwide natural heritage. Actions for appreciation, promotion and conservation are undertaken through educational and tourism programmes at the regional level that combine elements of natural and cultural heritage. This article examines the case of the candidacy of Beaujolais in France, a region that is known mainly for its history and its wine landscapes, since it appears to promote elements for the Geopark that are linked to cultural landscapes, above and beyond the merely geological heritage. It is compared with two other locations already recognised as Geoparks (Bauges in France and El Bages in Spain), in order to outline an answer to the question as to whether Geopark is a label that contributes to the recognition of cultural landscapes, and in particular wine landscapes, within the context of UNESCO.

Cím:

Recognition of industrial landscapes as sites of tourism: an achievement for the heritagization of the industry?

Írta:

Simon Edelbutte Prof.

Oldalszám:

152 – 162

Nyelve:

Angol

This paper questions about the links between industrial landscape, heritage and tourism. First part recalls what are industrial landscapes (which are not only factories). Second part deals with the enlargement of the heritagization process of industry to the scale of landscape. It questions too about the touristic potential of this heritagization of industry at the scale of the landscape, based on several Europeans examples of touristic or semi-touristic realizations combining heritage and territorial regeneration.

Cím:

Analysis of the Heritage Requalification Process to the Recognition of a UNESCO Creative City of Gastronomy

Írta:

Magnus Luiz Emmendoerfer Prof., Luana Emmendoerfer, Mary Sandra Guerra Ashton

Oldalszám:

163 – 173

Nyelve:

Angol

The objective is to analyze the process of organizing and upgrading the gastronomic heritage of Florianopolis – Brazil a Creative City of Gastronomy, a title generated by the UNESCO World Network (UWN). Hence, in this case study a range of research methods were employed, seeking a reflexive link between the data collected and the theoretical content of the research referenced in this work. Among the results, the process of inclusion of this city to select the UWN was identified, its planning and organization that sought community engagement and resulted in new projects as contributions of this process. The contribution is to provide theoretical and empirical tools that can assist new applications for this UWN with useful subsidies to public and private managers who wish to invest in planning and policies focusing on creativity culture for tourism development.

Cím:

Preservation Proposals for the Cultural Landscapes in context of St.Ioannis Theologos Monastery and the surrounding vineyards

Írta:

Şevket Erşan, Aynur Çiftçi

Oldalszám:

174 – 184

Nyelve:

Angol

In today, one of the most attractive cultural landscapes are wine routes, especially in Europe. In Turkey’s Europe side called Thrace host the first organized wine route. The route has created by Thrace development agency and wine producers in 2013. One of the most noticeable place in the route is St.Ioannis Theologos monastery and surrounding vineyards in “Ganohora” region. Ganohora has a recognized history dating from the 1st century; it was a religious centre for Christians during the Middle Ages with its many churches and monasteries. In this monasteries, people produced wine for many years. Combined works of nature and humankind, they express a long and intimate relationship between peoples and their natural environment. The rich historical and cultural heritage and traditions of the wine route in combination with a unique natural environment make the Thrace an ideal place for cultural and natural tourism. The route passes through mountains, forests, and numerous micro-climates surrounded by three different seas (the Sea of Marmara, Aegean Sea, and the Black Sea). Its natural beauty enriched by the diverse culture and history, makes the region an exciting and delicious destination. This study is about an examination of this relations in the context of St.Ioannis Theologos monastery with the surrounding vineyards and develop conservation proposals.

Cím:

Virtual paths for the enhancement of archaeological landscapes: the “Via Gallica” project

Írta:

Sara Ferrari Dr., Gioia Zenoni Dr., Daniele Bursich Dr.

Oldalszám:

185 – 198

Nyelve:

Angol

Today, the ability to revitalize and promote the complex system of resources pertaining to a specific territory in order to develop cultural tourism is based on the identification of instruments that facilitate a more natural process of communication and connections between all the components involved in the mechanisms of composition of the cultural and tourist proposal in its widest sense. One of the design models used in recent years – employed with differing distinctive features in different territories and in various situations – is the cultural itinerary. It lends itself to a new understanding and interpretation of the landscape, valorising through a bottom-up approach the everyday cultural heritage that determines the very identity of each community. This paradigm can also be applied to the field of archaeology, as experimented in Italy in a recent project financed by the Lombardy Regional Authority and developed by the ArcheoFrame Laboratory of IULM University, Milan, in partnership with five museums and the Lombardy Archaeology Superintendency. The project involves the production of a historical and archaeological itinerary which winds its way through five key places in north Italy (Milan, Como, Bergamo, Brescia, Lake Garda), in search of the line of the ancient “Via Gallica” (Gaulish Way) in use during the Roman and Early Medieval period. The itinerary is available to the general public by means of smartphone and tablet applications with innovative multimedia content – including videoclips, 3D scans of artefacts and augmented reality – and was designed according to the principle of sustainable mobility, so as to relocate visitor flows from the main town centres to the surrounding areas and stimulate the search for information about the manmade landscape and evidence of its historical development. Crucial to the last aim is the use of storytelling: employing different literary forms, four historical figures help the visitor to discover the places of which they speak through their own eyes and experiences, giving an overview of the various historical epochs. The app allows you to pursue diverse lines of interest, so as to offer an integrated guide to the archaeological remains in their geographical context. The aim is to stimulate local communities’ awareness of the historical landscape and to propose alternative tourist opportunities, transforming cultural assets into active features able to furnish younger generations with a new perspective from which to understand the value and strategic potential of heritage for sustainable territorial development, focussing on cultural diversities and dialogue, while exploiting the synergies of new technologies in order to enrich the heritage itself.

Cím:

The Fertő/Neusiedler Lake Cultural Landscape world heritage site, as a good sample how to manage successfully a multi-sectoral common value

Írta:

Attila Fersch

Oldalszám:

199 – 199

Nyelve:

Angol

The Fertő/Neusiedler Lake world heritage has been a well managed transboundary area since the winning of the world heritage award in 2001. There is a very effective multi-sectoral cooperation in the Hungarian part of the site to manage, develop all heritage values and monuments are in the area. This cooperation is the base of many good processes, like growing biodiversity, more and more pretty settlements, increasing heritage tourism in the area etc….During the last fifteen years many joint rural developing programs have started and finished successfully in the area, involving many kind of stakeholders in the implementation of them, and other joint programs are planned for the interest of heritage sites and monuments.

Cím:

Cultural Landscapes, conservation and spirituality: tourism approach in a Brazilian study case

Írta:

Isabela Frederico, Pedro Paulo Funari Dr.

Oldalszám:

200 – 211

Nyelve:

Angol

Spirituality is a key value during the interaction between many cultural groups and biodiversity in different areas of the planet. Considered as a cultural ecosystem service, spirituality appears as a crucial element in the processes that draw the uses and management of cultural landscapes. In this context, this paper presents preliminary results of a theoretical/empirical PhD research developed in a nature reserve in the state of Minas Gerais / Brazil: the Sanctuary of Caraça (inserted in the Biosphere Reserve of the Atlantic Forest and the Espinhaço Sierra). In an interdisciplinary context of environmental sciences, under a qualitative approach, narratives of stakeholders involved in the planning, management and tourism uses of the area, dialogue with the theory of cultural studies presenting results that indicate the importance of spirituality in the conservation of natural areas with the presence human through tourism. We intend to collaborate with studies that seek to integrate the variables of sustainability in contemporary uses of heritage sites characterized by cultural landscapes as well as the UN organizations initiatives concerned with the issue, such as UNESCO / IUCN (Sacred Sites) and UNWTO (tourism and Pilgrimages).

Cím:

A Case Study on Village Bikal – the first Theme park of Hungary

Írta:

Judit Grotte Dr.

Oldalszám:

212 – 227

Nyelve:

Angol

Based on the definition of UNESCO, the term cultural heritage includes several main categories of heritage. In my article, I introduce a good example for the presence of tourism in the combination of intangible cultural heritage, built heritage and natural heritage in Hungary. I also examine the harmonization between heritage maintenance and guests’ expectations at Hungary’s first theme park opened in the village of Bikal. The goal of the thematic adventure park is to preserve and show the medieval life of Hungary in a unique way: with the contribution of craftsmen, actors, battle-hardened horsemen,-archers, and trained falconers. The theme park is located in the cultural landscape of the Castle hotel, a real built heritage that evokes the atmosphere of the 19th century neo-classicist castle. Bikal’s natural environment the Mecsek Hills for excursions and vineyards and hotspring sources for wellness purposes.

Cím:

Can Cultural Tourism Play a Intermediary Role in Conservation of the Cultural Heritage? A Resource-based Framework Proposal

Írta:

Nilgün Güneş

Oldalszám:

228 – 228

Nyelve:

Angol

The aim of this study to discuss a conceptual framework for management practices that providing to cultural tourism as a intermediary role for ensure sustainability of cultural heritage. Studies related with the conservation of cultural heritage provide important clues to us about the importance of sustainability of the heritage (Tweed and Sutherland, 2007). At the same time, challenges of sustainability and conservation of cultural heritage in the area of intensive tourism destinations are known and it is observed that the negative impacts of poorly managed tourism activities are damaging to the heritage (Landorf, 2009).\nIn this study, resource-based view that one of the main approaches in the strategic management literature will be used as a conceptual framework for cultural tourism applications and cultural heritage will be defined as the main resource for being competitive and sustainable in cultural tourism, a conceptual framework on the importance of cultural heritage for competitiveness will be pursued.\nIn order to competing firms and maintaining this competitive advantage in the long term, resource based view emphasizes the importance of resources. Based on this view, if resources (tangible or intangible) have characteristics such as valuable, rare, inimitable and not substitutable, they provide a competitive advantage in the long term (Barney, 1991, Peteraf, 1993). Relationships from the past, elements such as culture, improve their competitiveness and ensure sustainability of these resources, in fact by means of historical patterns it is possible to understand how they emerge, causal ambiguity thereby being inimitable and not substitutable are the other features that enhance their sustainability (Petaraf, 1993). In this study, it will be discussed through theoretically over with some case studies in fact how is cultural heritage as a valuable, rare, inimitable and not substituted, intangible resource, can provide a sustainable competitive advantage in cultural tourism. \nConservation of cultural heritage is how to be a key factor for the sustainability of cultural tourism and each for these two components are need sustainability as mutually is intended to emphasize as the main theme. Also providing conservation of cultural heritage should be accompanied by not only tourism enterprises but also tourism governance, protection associations etc.

Cím:

A cultural landscape on the border

Írta:

Melinda Harlov

Oldalszám:

229 – 240

Nyelve:

Angol

This paper introduces the Fertő/Neusiedlersee cultural landscape, which is an UNESCO world heritage transnational site on the Hungarian and Austrian border since 2001. It provides an exceptional example how nature defines human ways of life and interaction and how human history can affect the life of natural surroundings. The presentation is aim to point out the uniqueness of the transnational heritage sites besides describe the case study’s outstanding features as a cultural landscape. The research focuses on the history of this area from its first appreciation to its international scholarly acknowledgement by analysing official reports and oral history elements as well.

Cím:

Rehabilitation of Nashtifan’s Windmills Cultural Landscape by Considering Vernacular Architecture Values

Írta:

Sogol Hashemi Dehaqi

Oldalszám:

241 – 249

Nyelve:

Angol

Cultural landscape, which is a result of interaction between human and nature, is the symbol of Identity and Historical values in every region. Recognition and conservation of cultural landscape helps to protect and preserve the existing culture and old traditions in the region. Nashtifan’s windmills (As-e-bad) demonstrate the intelligence of the local people in a windy region ,that were built on the top of the highest hill in the city, in order to prevent destructive effects of strong winds that blows 120 days in the city. Nashtifan’s windmills (As-e-bads) represent the evolution of effective interaction between human and nature by adapting natural limitations in the area. They are also an evidence of identity and rich civilization of Khorasan area, which is more developed and noticeable compared to its neighborhood areas by an intelligent use of wind energy for human amenities. The aim of this study is offering strategies for rehabilitation the cultural landscape of Nashtifan’s windmills and preserving their consequential values. In order to reach this purpose, the impressive role of vernacular architecture in rising of these valuable cultural heritages is considered. This research is based on analytical-descriptive and it has been explained based on the use of documents and information and local resources.

Cím:

Keeping Cultural Identity: Challenges and Threats to the Buddhist Cultural Landscape of Upper Mustang in Nepal

Írta:

Susanne von der Heide Prof.

Oldalszám:

250 – 263

Nyelve:

Angol

North of the mountain giants Annapurna and Dhaulagiri, on a high-lying plateau near Tibet, on Nepalese Territory, lies the former small kingdom of Mustang. Up until May 1992 this ‘forbidden kingdom’, with its famous earthen-walled capital Lo Manthang, was completely inaccessible. With few exceptions, foreigners were not allowed to enter it. Up to the present time, only a restricted annual number of tourists can visit this area. Mustang is dotted with early Buddhist cave temples as well as century old fortresses. Some of the best preserved ancient monasteries in the Himalayas are found there, which formed an extraordinary Buddhist cultural landscape over the centuries. Mustang’s cultural heritage is to a great degree not remnant of the past but a living culture, where age-old traditions are vibrant and still continue to have clear significance in everyday life of the local inhabitants, called ‘Lopa.’ Cultural heritage is considered the foundation upon which the identity of the Lopa people is built. They are related ethnically and culturally to the Tibetan sphere of influence. This finds expression in their way of life, their script and their festivals and in particular in their religious belief which is oriented to the Vajrayana Buddhism. The fortress-like former capital Lo Manthang is boasting of a medieval palace, build in the 15th century, and significant Buddhist monasteries dating from the 15th and the 18th century. In order to safeguard this extraordinary landscape, the capital Lo Manthang was inscribed on the Tentative List of Nepal for future World Heritage nomination in 2008. Currently, discussions with the local Lopa people and the Government of Nepal are continuing to also list a certain area around Lo Manthang, that needs to be designated, as a Cultural Landscape in future. And moreover, this Buddhist landscape could form part of the Heritage List’s potential Silk Roads’ Corridor area later on. Mustang, with the Kali Gandaki river valley is bearing all evidences of a highly frequented route through the Himalayas linking with the Silk Road, also due to its easy access, without high mountain passes, facilitating greater interactions between parts of India and Tibet through networks of communication, pilgrimage and trade. Petroglyphs found along the river bed, more than 3000 years old, confirm the early human habitation of this area. With the inscription of Lo Manthang on the Tentative List, the uniqueness and the vibrant cultural traditions of the old capital have been accorded official recognition. Mustang has thus become one of the last areas in the world where a specific Buddhist culture is preserved up to the present day. These values are coming under increasing threat from various factors, most particularly, through the construction of a road through Mustang that was completed recently. This new infrastructure will make a considerable impact on the efforts to protect this ancient landscape and will precipitate significant cultural change and social transformation, which will be assessed in the presentation. Moreover, the increasing labour migration of the Lopa people to foreign countries might lead to a transformation of their cultural identity, and the impact of climate change is another great challenge, since water resources are becoming increasingly scarce, forcing local people to migrate or to resettle in other areas of Mustang. However, as this paper will highlight, both the tangible and the intangible assets of the landscape and heritage sites can be powerful drivers for the development of the whole Mustang region.

Cím:

Signalling as a tool for landscape understanding and tourism development. The case of Catalonia.

Írta:

Daniel Imbert-Bouchard Ribera, Ramon Serrat

Oldalszám:

264 – 274

Nyelve:

Angol

The Catalan government, thanks to the launch of its Observatori del Paisatge (Landscape Observatory), as advisory body of the Catalan administration, has developed several instruments under its legislation to implement landscape policies. This comprehensive cataloguing work has resulted in 135 landscape units with their corresponding fact sheets and mapping. A detailed description of their values, not only aesthetic but also natural, ecological, historical, symbolic or religious, has been included, as well as motorized and non-motorized trails and main viewpoints. Nevertheless, this ambitious and extensive work has not been transferred to the territory through a systemized signalling scheme. In this paper we propose its development to disseminate local landscape knowledge and understanding and to improve the tourist experience.

Cím:

Valparaiso on the World Heritage List: the touristification of an urban landscape

Írta:

Sébastien Jacquot Dr.

Oldalszám:

275 – 275

Nyelve:

Angol

Valparaiso has been inscribed in 2003 on the World Heritage List, after years of debates about the meaning of its heritage. Whereas the first proposal of inscription on the WHS relied on the notion of a traditionnal urban landscape, the final incription was justified by the urban pattern of the city as a testimony of the first stage of globalisation. Nevertheless, this idea of Valparaiso as an urban landscape remained and became the main justification to various urbanistic rules. So Valparaiso becomes an interesting case study of a site that have been ruled as an urban lanscape, although it wasn’t the official justification of its heritage, until a new version of the Outstanding Universal Value. Besides, tourism development took advantage of this promotion of the city as a peculiar urban lanscape, through the various possibilities of sightseeing the whole city, but in the same time in sharp contrast with the promotion of Valparaiso as a cultural city within UNESCO boundaries. Actually, the heritage and tourism controversies can be understood through the debates around this idea of urban landscape. So this article is aimed at analyzing the issues and consequences of the notion of historic urban landscape, through the example of Valparaiso and the issues that such a conception arose, in terms of heritage management but also tourism development, putting the emphasis on intangible aspects of urban development.

Cím:

Tourismification of cultural landscapes – Synergies between tangible and intangible heritage resources

Írta:

Myriam Jansen-Verbeke Prof.

Oldalszám:

276 – 281

Nyelve:

Angol

The challenges now are to identify tangible and intangible resources of the past, to map and assess the vectors of transformation in various cultural, historical landscapes and to create synergies between material and immaterial heritage assets. Preservation of tangible structures of the past is a mayor challenge in the 21st century way of life. Partnership with a tourism and leisure vocation of sites creates new dynamics. In many places it’s possible to develop attractive tourismscapes, supported by a revalorization of selected expressions of intangible heritage. A wide spectrum of opportunities indeed, mayor management challenges… and many good and less good examples worldwide!

Cím:

UNESCO-enlisted Cultural landscapes: their presence and presentation in eLearning courses by National Tourism Destinations

Írta:

Nadzeya Kalbaska Dr., Lorenzo Cantoni Prof.

Oldalszám:

282 – 294

Nyelve:

Angol

National Tourism Offices are currently using different channels to promote destinations and its tourism product: directly to the end consumer, through the media, or in collaboration with the travel trade intermediaries: tour operators and travel agents. This paper will evaluate how innovative technologies, in particular eLearning courses, are being used in the awareness-raising, representation and training about Cultural landscapes. The focus in this research is on communication practices through online training platforms of the national tourism administrations, excluding all platforms for tourists, city marketing, attracting visitors, and the like. This research presents an analysis of the eLearning courses offered by National Tourism Offices, particularly concentrating on the countries hosting UNESCO-enlisted Cultural landscapes. Such eLearning courses are offered to travel agents and travel consultants all around the world in order to prepare them with the knowledge on the tourism destination and its attractions. While successfully finishing the course travel agents are expected to have needed knowledge about such a tourism destination, to be aware on who the right clients are and how to sell better the destination to them.

Cím:

Borobudur as Cultural Landscape – 10 years of International Borobudur Field School activities with local initiatives

Írta:

Kiyoko Kanki

Oldalszám:

295 – 304

Nyelve:

Angol

Last year we published the book ‘BOROBUDUR as Cultural Landscape (ISBN: 9784876983650)’, which reports the villagers’ conservation activities as well as the scientific descriptions of the vast, attractive, surrounding region of Borobudur Temple, Indonesia. Borobudur Temple, listed in world heritages as ancient Buddhism temple separated from Borobudur Sub-District by the park zone, is the very crowded touristic destination, and there happened so many troubles in the surroundings, including a large commercial development plan which appeared in 2003 and cancelled after local communities’ disagreement. Then, concern on cultural landscapes of the large agricultural and natural basin shaped with 5 symbolic mountains had emerged among local communities, and we started International Borobudur Field School in 2004 with locals, academics and students until now. During 10 years of this school, ‘evolutive conservation’ of cultural landscape has been examined, and some activities like village tour, community empowerment of village intangible culture, eco-tourism village enterprise have been developed. We also found recent history of village culture conservation cooperated with various local initiatives. Field School can be effective method to stimulate bottom-up approach for the conservation of cultural landscape toward local sustainability instead of concentrated tourism in the Temple site. (co-authors: Laretna T. Adishakti, Titin Fatimah)

Cím:

The Profile of Degree Level Tourism Curriculums in Turkey

Írta:

Zeynep Karsavuran, Nilgün Güneş

Oldalszám:

305 – 315

Nyelve:

Angol

Tourism education began in vocational and technical schools in many countries around Europe (Inui, Wheeler, & Lankford, 2006) as tourism was being recognized by governments as a significant economic field. Because of the perceived need for trained workers, first tourism education was mostly vocational and technical oriented. However many scholars argue that tourism curricula should also include liberal aspects and have an academic focus since tourism is a much broader phenomenon that has impacts on the natural and social environment. Thus balancing vocational and liberal aspects in tourism education have been the main issue for years. In the present study, the profile of Turkish degree level tourism schools’ curriculums are aimed to analyze to question this balance by focusing on sustainability and cultural heritage related courses. By gathering all degree level tourism curriculums, a content analysis is performed to find out the present density of sustainability and ethical competence courses, which found to constitute only a small percentage in curriculums. The findings are discussed based on the distribution of percentages along with apparent approaches for curriculum design.

Cím:

The Education of Information and Knowledge Management of Cultural Heritage

Írta:

Ferenc Kiss Dr.

Oldalszám:

316 – 325

Nyelve:

Angol

The information and knowledge management (IKM) of the cultural heritage is one of the permanent issues for the professionals working on the preservation, management, demonstration and education fields. By time it has to be reviewed regularly, how the information and knowledge needs of the cultural heritage stakeholders – authorities, site managers, researchers, museologists, teachers, trainers, tourism experts, etc. – change, as well as when and how to deliver them. According to the strong influence of the new information and communication technologies, such as mobile, cloud, 3D scanning and printing, virtual reality, semantic language technology, etc. we have to rethink the methods and content of the education programmes. This paper summarizes some education developments based on the contemporary definitions of information and knowledge management and some examples.

Cím:

Budapest, including the banks of the Danube, the Buda Castle Quarter and Andrássy Avenue

Írta:

Daniel Zsolt Kovacs

Oldalszám:

326 – 335

Nyelve:

Angol

Budapest was inscribed on the Wold Heritage List in 1987. The original territory, which consists of the banks of the Danube and the district of the Buda Castle, was extended with Andrassy Avenue including Heroes’ Square and the Millennium Underground in 2002. Furthermore, the site was enriched with a buffer zone as well, which enlarged the world heritage site. Although it is not a cultural landscape, the panorama of Budapest plays a significant part in its uniqueness and popularity. As a result, thousands of tourists visit Budapest every year, which has positive effects in many respects. Interesting, but according to a research, there is no connection between this growing number of tourists and the world heritage label in the case of Budapest. In order to keep the world heritage label proper conservation and maintenance is inevitable. It could be a major challenge for developing cities like Budapest.

Cím:

Tourism and staging of landscapes in protected areas: Between conservation, use and sustainable development, Case of El-Kala region in the North East of Algeria.

Írta:

Chafia Latreche, Rouag Saffidine Djamila Prof.

Oldalszám:

336 – 346

Nyelve:

Angol

There are Algeria sites and natural and cultural landscapes of high quality, often unknown in Europe: it is the case in particular in the area of El-Kala located in the extreme northeast of the country, the border with Tunisia. This space has been classified „protected area” through these very rich potential in terms of biodiversity (flora, fauna) and also in many natural ecosystems: lakeside (a wetland of international repute complex included on the Ramsar List) forestry, marine; climate; major outstanding natural sites and landscapes; historical and archaeological monuments, which require investment, particularly in terms of value creation and preservation and especially with the presence of its national park and nature reserve world heritage by UNESCO in 1990. This label would initiate development sustainable tourism in the region by highlighting its ecological and historical heritage and awareness for the preservation and promotion of heritage. This research attempts to analyze the current situation regarding the natural region of El Kala to identify the potentials and strengths that can be developed to promote tourism becomes the vector of the global economy, a tool revitalization of territories, an opportunity for sustainable development and a means to preserve biodiversity, natural ecosystems and cultural heritage and to define the challenges and opportunities for the future of this region.

Cím:

Native House Restorations and Rituals Toward Community-Based Tourism in the UNESCO World Heritage Batad Rice Terrace Cultural Landscape

Írta:

Raymond Aquino Macapagal

Oldalszám:

347 – 347

Nyelve:

Angol

In light of contemporary threats to the living cultural landscape of the UNESCO World Heritage Rice Terraces of the Philippine Cordilleras, steps have to be taken in order to safeguard the indigenous heritage of this area while ensuring the socio-economic development of the peoples living therein. This project aims to fulfill both needs through a community-based tourism endeavor anchored on the tangible and intangible cultural heritage resources of the UNESCO-inscribed Batad Rice Terrace Cultural Landscape. Through a participatory approach and employing local craftsmen, baluys (traditional Ifugao houses) were adaptively restored and outfitted for use as tourist lodging. These houses would serve as the centerpiece of an indigenous eco-cultural tourism experience run by local families. This gives locals a chance to participate in the tourist economy, while helping safeguard their heritage. For the inauguration of the houses, a “housewarming” ritual led by the last remaining mumbaki (shamans) of Batad was performed, with members of the community in attendance. Initial reviews from foreign and local tourists have been mostly positive, and more local families have shown interest in setting up their own homestays. The early successes of this project pave the way for tourism ventures that bring development to the grassroots.

Cím:

Cross-interpretation of Cultural Landscapes: The case of the Jesus and gospel trails

Írta:

Yoel Mansfeld Prof.

Oldalszám:

348 – 348

Nyelve:

Angol

Using the case of the „”Gospel Trail“ and the “Jesus Trail” in Northern Israel (the Lower Galilee Region) the paper will show how lack of planning and cooperation between public and private sectors led to confusing cross-interpretation of religious cultural landscapes. This case study also reveals that lack of coherent regional tourism plans open the gate to multiple cultural interpretation of a given cultural space and, hence, often causes unneeded tourism infrastructures, which become unsustainable, obsolete and wasted taxpayers’ money. Furthermore, the paper explores how cross-interpretation of cultural landscapes in “cultural routes” is largely an outcome of its initiators’ interests (i.e., socio-political, and economic) and is not based on straightforward tangible and intangible cultural assets. Thus, what could have been a positive use of cultural landscapes for the benefit of tourists, their hosts and public/private tourism development agencies, may turn into a colossal tourism development failure. The paper provides a structured analysis of what started as a religiously and culturally exciting trail in the footsteps of Jesus and ended as two overlapping cultural routes using the same cultural landscape and provoking a major conflict between their public and private initiators. Lessons of this case are translated to prescribed solutions and guidelines on how to avoid abuse of cultural landscapes that stem from lack of planning, cooperation and proper strategy on public and private roles in transforming cultural landscapes into sustainable tourist spaces.

Cím:

Saxon Settlements in Brasov- a Declining Cultural Landscape?

Írta:

Pascu Marioara

Oldalszám:

349 – 360

Nyelve:

Angol

The cultural resources of Saxon settlements are part of the tourist offer, and tourist potential of the researched area. We will analyse 5 historic rural landscapes from the point of view of tourist capitalization: Prejmer, Hărman, Buneşti, Cristian, Bran and 4 urban landscapes: Rupea, Râşnov,Braşov, Făgăraş.The purpose of the research is to find answers to the following questions: How attractive are these landscapes for tourists? To what extent does cultural tourism contribute to the salvage of declining Saxon village landscapes? Does the status of U.N.E.S.C.O protected monument, represent advantage in being selected as tourist destination? In the present research, the focus will be the evaluation of cultural tourism on the level of historic Saxon village landscapes over an 8 year’s period, 2008-2015, using a series of quantitative indicators, such as: the number of tourists arriving in Saxons Villages, the number of foreign tourists, the tourist capacity use index, the number of existent accommodation capacity, the average duration of a stay.

Cím:

The contribution of cultural landscapes in the building and the delimitation of territories. Case of cultural parks in Algeria

Írta:

Sofiane Messaoudi, Youcef Chennaoui, Nadia Messaci

Oldalszám:

361 – 370

Nyelve:

Angol

Cultural landscapes have acquired today unprecedented importance, especially for their decisive role in the building of territories. The material and immaterial cultural and natural attributes are so privileged, and that in view of the various civilizational challenges that societies face currently. This interest in cultural landscapes is noticeable in Algeria through the creation of cultural parks. Their peculiarity lies in the fact that they highlight a new way of delimiting, oriented more toward cultural values which are inseparable from their natural environment. This approach combines so several categories of heritage to ensure complementarity and consistency to stakeholders. Five cultural parks currently exist in Algeria, they occupy considerable areas and are characterized by the presence of a rich cultural heritage, ancestral and often very well preserved, consisting of traces of various ancient or prehistoric civilizations, oral expressions, songs, customs and traditional crafts. This communication aims to make a contribution on the understanding of the creative process of cultural parks in Algeria and measure the role of cultural landscapes in their delimitation.

Cím:

Museums for all: Co-creation in cultural tourism

Írta:

Mònica Molina

Oldalszám:

371 – 371

Nyelve:

Angol

Tourism is an activity that should be available to everyone, without exception. Human diversity is varied, so must think and rethink tourism products and services, so that they can be used by the maximum number of tourists, including people with disabilities, the elderly, children, pregnant women, disabled, etc. These groupes in Europe in 2011, represented 138.6 million people. According to the Secretary of UNWTO „Accessibility is a crucial element of a policy of responsible and sustainable tourism. It is a matter of human rights and is also an extraordinary business opportunity. Above all, we must realize that Accessible Tourism is not only good for people with disabilities or special needs, is good for everyone. „\n\nThe definition of inclusive projects should be designed jointly by the organization and its different audiences. The co-creation of tourism products through different types of community involvement allows us to obtain a design for all, and a social cohesion and bonding with the institution. We focus our research in cultural tourism and with a specific interest in Museums. This is a proposal that combines social responsibility of enterprises, business, and community through the presentation of different case studies.

Cím:

Landscape, Tourism and World Heritage in Spain: the Guide Baedeker

Írta:

Nuria Morère Prof.

Oldalszám:

372 – 375

Nyelve:

Angol

In the latest research, landscape and tourism are terms that tend to be related, from different points of view, landscape as a reading a tourist destination, landscape as a factor of development, or as a raw material of tourism (heritage resources), with the dynamic participation of the society (local and travellers). But to this interpretation of the landscape based on a territorial vision of tourism we should add a second approach, less studied, that which perceives the destinations in time and in their evolution. This approach is all the more important if we consider that the concept of landscape was culturally established in the 19th century, at the same moment that the modern tourism was created. Within this framework lies our hypothesis and the present study: the role played by historical documents and their relevance to contemporary tourism through the links between the landscape in the first touristic documents and the touristic interpretation of a current landscape. It could be a tool of sustainability. We shall utilize the Baedeker Guides as a reference point from the beginnings of the 20th century in order to examine the heritage of the Antiquity and specially towns from the Antiquity. We will open new guidelines concerning the World Heritage Sites and the criteria of the UNESCO.

Cím:

Relationship between tourism and cultural landscape – a new sustainable development model

Írta:

Ana Mrda Dr., Bojana Bojanic Obad Scitaroci Prof.

Oldalszám:

376 – 384

Nyelve:

Angol

The paper examines conflicts among the ideas of heritage and tourism and argues sustainable approach to tourism planning in cultural landscape. The research introduces heritage urbanism, as a sustainable method for enhancing the role of heritage in tourism as a local development tool, stressing that active use of cultural landscape in tourism can bring about a positive response to global competitiveness and development of tourist site, regarding its positive influence on destination recognition and heritage revitalization. It investigates specific problematic context of tourism planning and tension between the preservation of the existing landscape’s character and change based on the example of the Croatian Island of Vis.

Cím:

The evolving role of transportation in attracting British Tourism to the South of France: a tourism and cultural regional case study

Írta:

Jocelyne Napoli Dr.

Oldalszám:

385 – 396

Nyelve:

Angol

The article discusses the evolving role of transportation, and more especially air transport enabling tourism access to regions in the South of France. Historically, British citizens visited France by train, coach or car as the cost of air travel was restrictive and routes were only established in larger cities. With the advent of the English tunnel and Low Cost Carriers (LCCs) in Europe, British tourism increased within numerous destinations in France. These new means of transportation have filled the gap by providing easy access to smaller towns and allowing British tourists the French quality of life in the countryside. There is a shift in visitation numbers from the north of France to the south due to the increased choice of transportation. The South of France is becoming more attractive to British tourism because of the comparatively inexpensive cost of housing, the historical links between the two countries, and the cultural heritage of tradition. Other attractions include landscapes, the Mediterranean climate, restored medieval castles and villages, and the abundance of traditional French cuisine with regional wines. Due to the availability of LCCs some British tourists have chosen to settle and enjoy the historical links that are famous between the two countries. Many are now able to enjoy the tourist life for extended periods in the South of France with the purchase of a second home. It’s also now possible to keep working in England as the LCCs make it affordable and possible to commute between their intercontinental homes. Through a review of issues and literature, the article will discuss the evolving air transportation heritage related to British tourism in the South of France.

Cím:

Suitcase full of Kaymak – Gastronomy Tourism and Cultural landscape

Írta:

Tamara Ognjević

Oldalszám:

397 – 403

Nyelve:

Angol

The issue of travelers’ authentic experience has been shifting the boundaries of touristic programs over the last years. The synthesis of cultural and creative tourism in combination with adventure concept also incorporates gastronomy as an irreplaceable component of contemporary tourism. This kind of approach needs to be placed in an appropriate context which inevitably leads to the integration of cultural heritage, both tangible and intangible, into cultural landscape in order to create an authentic tourism product. What seems to be an ideal relationship between heritage and tourism at first glance is actually a common field of conflict of interest and lack of understanding of the needs of all parties involved in the creation of tourism products. In order to explore and promote tangible and intangible heritage of Serbia, Artis Center has started The Gourmet Tales of Serbia project in 2013. This multidisciplinary project is based on the idea of exploring authentic gastronomy tradition and life style within authentic cultural landscape that includes cooking and dinning in ordinary people homes, famous restaurants, monasteries, villages, museums and World Heritage Sites. The experiences gained from the preparation and implementation of The Gourmet Tales of Serbia project with special emphasis on (re)shaping of cultural landscape within a creative tourism and misunderstandings between tourism and heritage stakeholders are the main points discussed in this paper.

Cím:

Revitalization of shiraz northern city-garden with cultural landscape approach

Írta:

Anahita OyarHossein

Oldalszám:

404 – 415

Nyelve:

Angol

Today, in many parts of the world, the public interest in historic gardens as living legacies that represent the historical-cultural changes over time is growing. Historic gardens, in addition to their physical elements, have considerable intangible and local cultural aspects. Existence of inherent layers of history and culture in these heritage categories, necessitate the use of the cultural landscape approach in revitalizing them. Many of the historic gardens in Shiraz, after spending periods of decay and neglection, are loosing their links with intangible aspects. In fact, the loss of form identity, meaning, and application of these gardens result in changing the perception of society about the real existence of them.some important historic gardens in northern city-garden of Shiraz are studied in this paper with analytical-descriptive method and a conceptual framework for an effective Revitalization of them is proposed. The preliminary research, investigation and data analysis is done by taking into account the social, historical and cultural prominences of these valuable gardens and also their dramatic changes during the time. The aim is welcoming the historic gardens in contemporary life and also increasing tourism attraction as a result.

Cím:

Well-being in Cultural Tourism: An Explorative Study on Tourists’ Experiences

Írta:

Ece Ömüriş, Zeynep Karsavuran, Onur Dirlik

Oldalszám:

416 – 423

Nyelve:

Angol

A review on literature of well-being of tourists indicates that despite the recent proliferation of the research on well-being in tourism, there is still need for attention on tourists’ experiences from scholars. The effect of leisure, in a broader concept and specifically vacations on the sense of well-being is demonstrated by some major studies by bringing the question of if subjective well-being of tourists differs in various types of tourism activities into the agenda. From this point of view, in this study, we aim to investigate the sense of well-being in cultural tourism in relation to tourists’ experiences. The study is designed to explore whether tourists’ wellbeing differs according to the touristic activity experienced within participating in cultural tourism. The data give a hint that cultural tourism experience triggers different effects on tourists comparing with other touristic activities. Results showed that cultural assets impress visitors quite strongly and positively associated with their wellbeing. Also, findings are further discussed.

Cím:

Authenticity: From heritage to tourism

Írta:

Odete Paiva Prof., Cláudia Seabra, José Luís Abrantes, Fernanda Cravidão

Oldalszám:

424 – 434

Nyelve:

Angol

Authenticity as a concept has been studied since a long time. Despite this, and the historic preservation movement that arose in Europe in the early nineteenth century, authenticity was not a keyword and its study only began to be systematic in social sciences, from the second half of the XXth century (Starn, 2002). After that, the concept has raised and continues to raise many questions about its interpretation. Authenticity continues to justify reflection not only with regard to the heritage preservation, but also in the tourism context (Cohen, 1988; MacCannell, 1973). Authenticity is a matter of choice, a motivation that takes tourists to leave their familiar surroundings and look for unique spaces. Some tourists seek for authentic experiences, while others gravitate in artificial experiences (Cohen, 1988). In fact, the pursuit for authenticity has become a central theme in the tourism literature (Belhassen, Caton & Stewart, 2008). The authenticity is a central motivation in tourism experience. The attraction of tourists to places of social, historical or cultural significance is comparable to the desire of pilgrims to visit holy places (MacCannell, 1973). The authenticity as dynamic and multifaceted concept has sparked many debates about its meaning and utility, so it occupies a central position in tourism studies (Rickly-Boyd, 2012). Many researchers have deconstructed theoretically and empirically the notion of authenticity in heritage environments due to its crucial importance, namely for heritage tourism (Yeoman, Brass, Mcmahon-Beatie, 2007). Over the years the concept has been studied from different perspectives such as object, place, experience – these thoughts are translated into several theories sometimes conflicting. Indeed, research in this area gives us a perspective of the present discussion and development discourse about the authenticity concept (Reisinger & Steiner, 2006; Wang, 1999). In this context, this paper main goal is to make a literature review on the concept of authenticity and its relationship with tourism. Specifically, we intend to present the historical evolution of the term linked to the Heritage classification, namely the contributions of ICOMOS, secondly we present the concept of authenticity in tourism studies. Discussion centres on this review literature implications to theory and future research.

Cím:

Cultural tourists: Authenticity perception in World Heritage Historic Centres

Írta:

Odete Paiva Prof., Cláudia Seabra, José Luís Abrantes, Fernanda Cravidão

Oldalszám:

435 – 448

Nyelve:

Angol

There is a clear ‘cult of authenticity’, at least in modern Western society. So, there is a need to analyze the tourist perception of authenticity, bearing in mind the destination, its attractions, motivations, cultural distance, and contact with other tourists (Kohler, 2009). Our study seeks to investigate the relationship among cultural values, image, sense of place, perception of authenticity and behavior intentions at World Heritage Historic Centers. From a theoretical perspective, to our knowledge, no study exists with a focus on the impact of cultural values, image and sense of place on authenticity and intentions behavior in tourists. The intention of this study is to help close this gap. A survey was applied to collect data from tourists visiting two World Heritage Historic Centers – Guimarães in Portugal and Cordoba in Spain. Data was analyzed in order to establish a structural equation model (SEM). Discussion centers on the implications of model to theory and managerial development of tourism strategies. Recommendations for destinations managers and promoters and tourist organizations administrators are addressed.

Cím:

Making Oenotourism Sustainable: Experiences from Switzerland, South-Africa, France, Portugal and China

Írta:

David Picard

Oldalszám:

449 – 449

Nyelve:

Angol

Drawing from a comparative study of oenotourism developments in Switzerland, South-Africa, France , Portugal and China, the paper develops a set of critical factors for the sustainable development of this type of tourism. It demonstrates in particular how the economic functions of the wine sector (i.e. to produce and sell wine) get entangled with different tourism cultures and place-related imagineries. The paper argues that in order to create conditions for sustainable development, the formsoenotourism products eventually take need to follow the functional logic of the overarching wine business strategy. Accordingly, three types of oenotourism formats can be observed, variably aiming at (a) CRM and branding ; (b) direct sales and/or (c) profit-making tourism products. Based on these observations, the paper will make recommendations addressing policy, civil society and private sector stakeholders.

Cím:

1020 years old heritage – Pannonhalma and its environs

Írta:

Ákos Pottyondy Dr.

Oldalszám:

450 – 450

Nyelve:

Angol

In Western Hungary an outstanding asset dominates the landscape, fitting neatly into its environment: the 1020 years old Benedictine Arch-abbey of Pannonhalma. The monastery – together with its harmonious natural environment – was put on the World Heritage List in 1996. The monastery hill is highly exceeding from the region, it can be seen from hundreds of kilometers. The Abbey together with its wider ambience (farmsteads, fields, villages, etc.) recalls a time when the monks were self-sufficient. The cultural and architectural values are strongly connected with their environs, the monastery is surrounded by a 7052 hectare Landscape Protection Area, a not yet fully transformed remain of the limy sand plains of the Small Hungarian Plain. The sustainment of the world heritage area must be planned and managed in quite a prudent and complex (agrarian, urban, archeological, natural, etc.) system. The goal of the management is to create the World Heritage Area’s land use structure, based on the natural and cultural values of the region.

Cím:

Cultural Landscapes: a Promising Category

Írta:

Michèle Prats, Elodie Salin Dr.

Oldalszám:

451 – 465

Nyelve:

Angol

Cultural landscapes belong to a most promising World Heritage category that has much evolved since 1992. Through the study of the characteristics of cultural landscapes and its conceptual affirmation over the time, the objective would be to find the best way to identify cultural landscapes typologies, in order to undertake a further thorough review of listed properties, not only of those which are already listed as cultural landscapes, but also of the ones presenting similar characteristics and which could have been listed as such, but also of the ones figuring on the world heritage tentative lists. This could be achieved thanks to a semiotic analysis of the SOUV: the idea being in particular to test a software, using TROPES.

Cím:

Interpreting the Values of a Cultural Landscape: Case: Palakkad Gap, India

Írta:

Divya Priyesh Shah

Oldalszám:

466 – 478

Nyelve:

Angol

Cultural landscapes are continuing thresholds between nature and culture representing the tangible and intangible values and inter-relationships between local communities, their traditions and the indigenous landscapes. The objective of this study is to recognize the values of one of such native landscapes by looking into the role of natural resources in evolution of cultural landscape. Kerala, a small state to the south- western coast of India, is gifted with a tropical monsoon climate and unique topography that has moulded its diverse and biologically rich ecosystems and natural resources. The unique natural systems existed represented the harmony between nature and human societies which formed the basis for many self-sufficient living ways of a once robust society. The stability and sustainability of the society were thus closely linked with the stability and viability of its natural landscapes. However, these native landscapes are not well acknowledged today and are on the verge of desertion as a result of rapid urbanization, political reforms and socio- economic changes. This context has henceforth been taken to examine the many reasons behind transformation of cultural landscapes. The work presented owes its aspiration to Palakkad Gap, a very interesting geological formation in the otherwise continuous stretch of Western Ghats which resulted in the creation of a complex cultural fabric to Natural landscape. The study tries to evolve a methodology for understanding of such cultural landscapes by identification of issues relating to natural environment which is affecting the sustainability of the community and appraise the way of life which once existed and exist in the society which helps to conserve this intricate cultural landscape.

Cím:

The fencing of a heritage: approaching a landscape from its controversies

Írta:

Maurício Ragagnin Pimentel Prof., Roberto Verdum, Daniele Caron, Laura Rudzewicz, Janice M. S. Appel, João Luís Linck, Lucas M. Panitz

Oldalszám:

479 – 489

Nyelve:

Angol

The landscape is a departure point to undercover the relations between a society and its environment, with its inherent controversies and conflicts. Considering that, researchers from the PAGUS Landscape Laboratory (in Porto Alegre, Brazil) have organized a seminar to experiment different theoretical and methodological tools focusing on a specific urban landscape. The group expected to stimulate public debate on the polemic proposal of fencing Porto Alegre’s main urban park, and a protected heritage, Parque da Redenção. Based on security issues that idea has been raised by the city’s legislative and by local media since the 1990s. In a green 37 ha. area with different settings, the park is an important attribute of Porto Alegre’s landscape, as a provider of ecological services and historical landmark. Supposing the park was bounded, which landscape’s aspects and correlated features would be modified? How to raise the population’s awareness on the park’s fencing, or not fencing, and on its different outcomes? These questions driven an ephemeral site intervention performed on November 8th 2014. Beyond its goals, the experience resulted in a prolific dialogue among researchers from fields such as architecture, arts, biology, geography, social sciences and tourism studies.

Cím:

Wine Landscapes: The Time Of The New World

Írta:

Carmen María Ramos

Oldalszám:

490 – 490

Nyelve:

Angol

The earliest evidence of winemaking was found in China and in the Fertile Crescent of the Middle East, at the Mesopotamian and Egyptian lands. Here, the activity was projected to the Minoan and Mycenaean civilizations in the Aegean islands, moving to Greece and later to Rome, whose territorial conquests spread it to Europe. Winemaking found it´s main place in the Mediterranean regions, soils and climates, which were favorable to the cultivation, and from there, centuries later, accompanied new colonial expansion into America, Africa and Oceania. There, where the wines called „New World ” were developed. However, if we analyze the scenery of vineyards declared World Heritage by the UNESCO, all of them are in Europe. It is evident that the proportion of vines is much higher in the Old World, but this unequal distribution denotes an Eurocentrism in selecting landscape for a possible lack of values and the quality of the wines of the New World and landscapes from which they come. The general conception is that the vineyard is a Mediterranean product, which for thousands of years has been cultivated on the shores of the inland sea, without concession to other world vineyards. This has created an undeniable culture, which often shadows the rest of the spaces of production. Usually nobody remembers that there were vineyards in 1494 in America, which actually are the oldests vines of the world, although this is unknown, as they are, in areas not attacked by phylloxera, which destroyed the entire European vineyard, except from ones, between 1864 and 1915. Therefore Europe should speak of a modern culture on an American carrier. This paper aims to describe some peculiarities of the Latin American vineyard’s landscape, of extraordinary value, with some examples. The imprint of the different cultures were reflected in each of the wine regions. Emphasis is placed on the landscapes of the vineyard and wine of Argentina and the possibilities, as well as the difficulties to overcome, for the registration of some of its most emblematic regions as World’s Heritage. Just keep in mind that only the landscape of the Mexican agave and Colombian coffee has been awarded so far with such a recognition, as productive cultural landscapes in Latin America.

Cím:

Discovering the Ripa Pannonica – Innovation in interpretation and visitor management at the Limes heritage sites along the Danube

Írta:

Tamara Rátz Dr.

Oldalszám:

491 – 491

Nyelve:

Angol

The Limes represents the border line of the Roman Empire at its greatest extent in the 2nd century AD. The Ripa Pannonica, the outer frontier of the Roman Pannonia province lies in the Carpathian Basin along the Danube. This heritage, as Frontiers of the Roman Empire – Ripa Pannonica in Hungary, was submitted in 2009 on the Hungarian World Heritage tentative list by the Secretariat of the Hungarian World Heritage Commission and the National Office of Cultural Heritage, as an extension to the Frontiers of the Roman Empire World Heritage Site. Due to the physical obstacle of the Danube, hardly any man-made obstacles like earthworks, walls or forts needed to be built: consequently, the site mainly takes shape on regional planners’ and educated potential visitors’ mental maps, a virtual product of their collective historic awareness. In recent years, although major efforts have been made to develop the heritage of the Limes as a cultural route, and to create the network of stakeholders necessary to create and maintain a visible and feasible tourist product, progress has been relatively slow and difficult. Since the area along the Limes has been redeveloped countless times during the last 2000 years, it is an additional challenge to visualise the Roman theme as the core of the planned cultural route, as opposed to developing a non-thematic linear tourist product along the river Danube. Based on expert interviews and site visits, the proposed paper aims to analyse the interpretation and visitor management techniques used at selected sites of the Ripa Pannonica, with special emphasis on their contribution to awareness-building as well as their effectiveness and efficiency in visitor experience creation.

Cím:

Representation of nature by tourists: a method using the social networks. Case study of Center Parcs

Írta:

Amelie Robert Dr., Jean Louis Yengué, Estelle Issa

Oldalszám:

492 – 502

Nyelve:

Angol

Center Parcs is a tourism concept, which is oriented towards the connection, the closeness with nature. But this “nature” is a nature, which is managed, maintained, artificial. Thus this concept questions the nature perception. More generally, what is the representation of nature by the customers, which stay in this kind of tourism structure? To answer this question, we decided to focus on the comments written by these customers on sharing sites. This study was conducted in the framework of a research program, NaTour, which questions the nature tourism, thanks to the financial support of the French Region Centre-Val de Loire. We used georeferenced digital database, which compiles comments posted on TripAdvisor website (Chareyron, 2014). This main source was completed by observations in situ and by the analysis of the website and brochures of the studied spot. The study concerned the Center Parcs Hauts de Bruyères, which is located in Sologne area, in the center of France. The aim was to define a method to use this kind of sources, which are interesting to understand the tourist representation but constitute a significant mass of data. We would like to extract quickly the main information, that’s why we used a textual analysis software. We thus obtained the occurrence of each word. We kept the more meaningful ones, associate the synonyms and classified this group of words by great categories. We note that the comments are often positive. It can be considered as a bias but which is accepted. It also reveals that the families, who stay at Center Parcs, enjoy and we can thus suppose that they find the “nature”, which they seek. The most frequent adjectives, which are linked to the feelings, are “pleasant”, “quiet” and “great”. But the number of words relating to the provisions (activities) is largely higher than those, which are related to the nature. It leads to wonder, if the tourist really seek “nature”. The first adjective, which is associated to this one, is “quiet”. But the customers also have the feeling that this nature is “preserved” and “luxuriant”. They thus confirm what is written on the website: Center Parcs is described as located in “a unique preserved site in the heart of the regions, which are rich in natural and cultural heritages”. Nevertheless, two parts can be distinguished in the field: a noisy one, which is dedicated to the activities (games, shops) and a quiet one, which is dominated by forest but where are located the cottages, where the families stay. Finally, nature seems to be only a setting. It’s only a landscape to contemplate, thus a landscape, which should be green, nice and quiet.

Cím:

A World Heritage Site: Diyarbakır under the Shade of Conflicts

Írta:

Emre Sevim, İbrahim Zivrali, Ü. Nurşah Cabbar

Oldalszám:

503 – 516

Nyelve:

Angol

Diyarbakır embodies different cultures, significant heritage properties and natural features. In 1990’s to prevent deterioration on urban fabric, fortresses and cultural properties, some conservation attempts were started. After 2002, these attempts had speed up. In 2015 “The Diyarbakır Fortress and Hevsel Gardens Cultural Landscape” have inscribed in world heritage list. Progression has stopped with the armed conflicts at the end of 2015. This paper aims to examine the current situation and to question the future of the cultural landscape.

Cím:

Visitor Perceptions of Cultural Ecosystem Services in Landscape: The Challenges of Evaluation

Írta:

Melanie Kay Smith Dr.

Oldalszám:

517 – 517

Nyelve:

Angol

Ecosystem Services research has so far focused more on economic and monetary values and perspectives rather than socio-cultural ones (Raymond et al., 2014, Scholte, van Teeffelen and Verburg, 2015). Musacchio (2013) and Plieninger et al. (2015) suggests that adding a better understanding of Cultural Ecosystem Services (CES) can inform landscape planning. CES are the non-material benefits and notions of well-being connected to ecosystems (e.g. aesthetic value, spirituality, sense of place, inspiration, heritage, education, recreation) and are closely related to socio-cultural attitudes and values. However, Norton et al. (2012) point out that few studies have attempted to provide measures of cultural services as they relate to ecosystems or landscapes. The majority of CES studies have been quantitative because CES tend to be abstract and intangible and therefore difficult to qualify leading to a gap in scientific research between what is measured and what actually matters to people (Milcu et al. 2013). Intangible and experiential dimensions like aesthetics, spirituality or inspiration tend to be neglected (Plieninger et al., 2013, Hernández-Morcillo et al.,2013, Pleasant et al., 2014). The researchers in this study therefore devised a questionnaire on CES consisting of 20 statements with a Likert scale of 7 which was translated and distributed in seven countries (Germany, Hungary, Israel, Macedonia, Netherlands, Poland and Romania) and distributed to visitors in several different kinds of landscape (e.g. forest, seaside, mountains, desert). As well as presenting preliminary results, the paper reflects on the challenges of defining and translating CES terminology and the difficulties inherent in devising appropriate statements that accurately convey the abstract nature of CES categories. Comparing our methods with other studies (e.g. Pleasant et al., 2014, Scholte et al., 2015, Szücs et al, 2015), the article illustrates how quantitative data may be applied to gain a qualitative understanding of visitors‘ perceptions of CES in landscapes. Following Gould et al. (2014), we found that the process used to study CES is as important as the findings themselves.

Cím:

The railway heritage in Mexico and its role in the configuration of industrial and cultural landscapes

Írta:

Mónica Solorzano Gil Dr., Gabriel Michel Estrada

Oldalszám:

518 – 527

Nyelve:

Angol

The construction of the railways in Mexico was an event of national importance, not only for its role in the economic history, but for their contribution in shaping cultural landscapes of industrial character. The railway system made many cultural exchanges possible in various regions, setting an important natural, social and cultural environment. In recent years most of the vast industrial railway heritage has become obsolete and unused, and has suffered rapid and alarming deterioration. Jalisco is located in the west of the country and has the largest lake in Mexico. Two trunk railway lines and many branches communicating the haciendas and towns passed through the region. Some of these routes have been abandoned. The projects, “Vía verde del Mariachi” and “Vía verde de Chapala” seek to recognize the importance of the cultural industrial landscapes created by the railroad in this part of México. Aims to recover the memory of the railway routes and the design of a network of more than 200 kilometers of non motorized routes along 11 municipalities have included projects to rescue and conserve the tangible and intangible heritage of these regions. These constitute integral conservation projects focused on recognizing the value of the natural, cultural and industrial landscapes linked to the railway history in Mexico.

Cím:

New Tools of Sustainable Tourism Education. Case study of European project : ‘’Boosting development of sustainable entrepreneurial tourism activities in the mountain and border areas in Bulgaria’’

Írta:

Lyuba Stankova

Oldalszám:

528 – 535

Nyelve:

Angol

Tourism is one of the driving forces for the economy growth of every territory by giving access to work opportunities and creates a direct income. This economic sector is essential and vital for many regions in Europe, since it offers them possibility for progress and riches. The actions resulting from the different European programs (like Erasmus) have an important impact for the development of many member countries. These programs, widely spread in Bulgaria, offer the opportunities to stimulate sustainable competitive sphere. At the same time these programs, created and developed in Western Europe, import changes and transformations of the local east way of thinking, of the cultural and natural landscape. Bulgaria is one of the European regions, which have touristic potential that is still at an early stage in its development as tourist destinations. One of the reasons for that delay is the demographic problem, (declining and aging population) and the lack of adequate tourism education and training for the tourism specialists and young professionals. The European founding programs have been playing a key role for the last few years and are one of the financial solutions of these problems.

Cím:

Design thinking as a tool for more sustainable cultural heritage tourism experience

Írta:

Ivana Stevic, Zélia Breda Prof.

Oldalszám:

536 – 546

Nyelve:

Angol

This paper discusses the concept of design thinking in the business/management context, making a parallel with cultural tourism management, and attempting to portray it as a tool for a more sustainable tourism experience of cultural heritage. The main goal of the paper is to initiate a conversation of the design thinking concept within the tourism realm and show, on a practical example, how design thinking can be used as a tool for creation of an innovative tourism project, aimed at making a change in cultural tourism experience and making it more sustainable. The very concept of design thinking is discussed first, followed by its interpretation and usage in management sphere and the implications of its usage in cultural heritage tourism realm. Finally, a practical example of a project created in Porto, Portugal is used as a case study.

Cím:

Hollókő village- the living heritage

Írta:

Judit Szabadhegyi

Oldalszám:

547 – 553

Nyelve:

Angol

Hollókő is a well-known village in Hungary for its traditional Easter sprinkling ceremony. How come that most of people identify Hollókő with this image? And what more can be known about Hollókő? Firstly, Hollókő is a small village, secondly, the Old Village of Hollókő and its Surroundings are a world heritage site since 1987, due to their exceptional qualities. The living village – living heritage is one of the main universal values of Hollókő world heritage site. It means that the tradition, the heritage is still alive in the form of architecture, folk customs, and gastronomy. And what does a small – scale world heritage village, such as Hollókő contribute to the sustainable tourism? So many questions are arising, for example how did the village receive the world heritage title? How did Hollókő’s population accept the fact that their living space became a World Heritage Site? How did they survive or rather suffer from the arrival of the first tourist groups? The locals were not the ones who created the increased tourism, neither the protection of values, nor the growing importance of tourism. Therefore, tourism is a completely new challenge for the village, although it is required from the locals to protect and live according to the traditional way of life, to serve the tourism industry and to make a living from it. And do all of this by not transforming the village into a reserve but cultivating the lands and cherishing their traditions. And all this should happen as if it wasn’t happening in a shopwindow.

Cím:

How to catch the critical Generation? – The interests, and travel needs of Generation Y during cultural travels

Írta:

Ivett Sziva Dr., Richard Zoltay

Oldalszám:

554 – 564

Nyelve:

Angol

The economic significance of Generation Y has been improving. The members of this segment are the so called „Internet aboriginals”, those who have high needs regarding technological solutions in their ordinary life and on their trips as well. Further on, they have greater focus on their special interests, the authenticity and the so called edutainment activities during their travels. Creating the best experiences fitting their needs is rather challenging. According to the propositions, cultural sites and landscapes must change their traditional perspectives regarding raising awareness and interpretation so as to catch the Generation Y and open up for technology, mobile applications, location-based services, interactive solutions and exciting interpretation. The main aim of the paper is to give a valid picture of the special needs of Generation Y to support the better understanding of their lifestyle and travel needs. Further on, the newest technological solutions are described in the area of online sales and communication, and interpretation tools could be useful for cultural landscapes. Finally, based on the results of a quantitative survey, recommendations are given for the two Hungarian cultural landscape, Tokaj Wine Region Historic Cultural Landscape and Fertö / Neusiedlersee Cultural Landscape so as to improve their attractiveness for Generation Y, by developing their online and mobile presence and interpretation through the newest technological solutions.

Cím:

The potentials and challenges of heritage interpretation at the Hortobágy National Park – the Puszta World Heritage Site

Írta:

Zsuzsa Tolnay

Oldalszám:

565 – 570

Nyelve:

Angol

The Hortobágy National Park – the Puszta World Heritage Site is a cultural landscape, but for its diverse natural assets the area has several other highly prestigious designations making it a high-profile area on international level. Hortobágy is not only special for its natural and cultural values, but has a special connotation for Hungarians, as it is often considered the symbol of the Hungarian psyche and the fate of the people, frequently reflected in works of art, too. Despite both the objective and subjective values and notions, the Hortobágy is still understood and in many cases interpreted in a skewed fashion. The Hortobágy National Park Directorate, as the assigned World Heritage and also nature conservation managing organization makes efforts to build a thematically balanced, authentic and ethical interpretation system to provide an alternative and hopefully more appealing image of the Hortobágy. The paper is a snapshot evaluation of these efforts, but also of the wider construct and circumstances. Thus, besides presenting the site itself, the following issues are discussed: policy framework, institutional setup, values and value judgements, the role(s) of interpretation in site management, standards, expectations, and gaps in the interpretation market.

Cím:

Cultural landscape and sustainable tourism in rural areas. Case studies from the Puglia region in Southern Italy.

Írta:

Anna Trono Prof.

Oldalszám:

571 – 586

Nyelve:

Angol

Over the last few years, Cultural Landscapes have become a hot topic in the field of World Heritage work and beyond. “They represent the combined works of man and nature. Moreover they are the places of peoples’ livelihoods, identities and belief systems all over the world”. This is a notion of landscape that encompasses aesthetic, ecological and cultural values: the result of the current sensitivity towards the environment, they are suggested by the European Landscape Convention and recommended by the latest EU policies. It is a selective notion that highlights certain elements or characteristics of the cultural landscape that are particularly appreciated or threatened by the transformations currently in progress: traditional agricultural settlements, ancient buildings and industrial archaeology constitute a legacy to be conserved and handed down to further generations. Among these is ‘nature’, in the form of parks and reserves, to be defended from human transformations but also considered as a valuable tool for building an eco-sustainable economy, which in addition to the traditional activities of rural populations entails new initiatives designed to create quality forms of agricultural production and compatible forms of tourism. The development of tourism in protected areas has been based on the twin concepts of protection and eco-compatible exploitation of resources. Both inside and outside the protected areas, the aim has been to conduct tourism in a way that respects the principles of environmental, cultural, social and economic sustainability. The Puglia region in southern Italy possesses a significant number of parks and protected areas that are rich in assets to be safeguarded and promoted while guaranteeing environmental safeguard and sustainable economic development.This paper analyses the activities of the Regional Natural Park known as “Dune Costiere [costal dunes] da Torre Canne e Torre S. Leonardo” near Ostuni in the province of Brindisi and the Regional Park known as “Terre di Gravine” in the province of Taranto. It considers the behaviours of those who live and work within the parks and the strategies for enhancing the cultural landscape and sustainable tourism in the area: conserving traditional land-use systems; developing new tools for economic viability; providing ecological services; and creating productive land-use systems in relation to cultural tourism.

Cím:

Geotourism and the underestimated potential of ‘ordinary’ landscapes. The Belgian case

Írta:

Dominique Vanneste Prof., Christophe Vandeputte

Oldalszám:

587 – 598

Nyelve:

Angol

Geotourism is often associated with phenomena such as volcanoes, large scale erosion or rock formations. Less spectacular landscapes get little credit in terms of geotourism potential and therefore possibilities for tourism development are overlooked. Belgium is a typical example of a densely populated country with few spectacular natural landscapes where the concept of geotourism is not very well known and subject of conflicting interpretation. If geotourism projects pop up they are small scale, lacking collaboration between stakeholders in general and exchange of information between geo-sciences and tourism in particular. A qualitative research was conducted in Belgium, focusing on a number of case studies, as to explore the fields of tension that prevent geotourism from developing into a innovative niche within the tourism offer. It is clear that a broader acquaintance with the concept and with its conservation as well as local development potentials should be stressed but also that a number of premises should be fulfilled as to open a window on success for geotourism in ‘ordinary’ landscapes.

Cím:

Rudapithecus now! Synergie of Cultural, Natural and Industrial heritage

Írta:

Zsolt Vasáros

Oldalszám:

599 – 611

Nyelve:

Angol

This paper is one of the stages on the path to the realisation of a large-scale landscape design project. The research, which is founded in praxis (Narmer Architecture Studio Budapest) and based in part on work done by the faculty of the BME Doctoral School of Architecture, deals with one of the most underdeveloped regions of Hungary, located on the northeastern border of Borsod-Abaúj-Zemplén county. The natural landscape, and the cultural and historical sites of the region have considerable potential, especially if they are properly integrated into the economic and touristic life of the county. The unexploited possibilities in the character of the area are in great contrast with the current situation. The protection and the appreciation of the industrial past does not draw nearly as much attention as the protection of kinds of other historic buildings, so its survival is endangered. The quick demise of the heavy industry that was built in the communist era left the landscapes marred by defunct factories and the remains of mines that have long been out of use. Nonetheless, in many cases the abandoned and decaying industrial buildings that belong to the region’s past bear significant architectural value.

Cím:

The Aggtelek and Slovak Karst World Heritage Site

Írta:

Balázs Veress, Péter Gruber

Oldalszám:

612 – 612

Nyelve:

Angol

The Aggtelek and Slovak Karst cave world, based on a joint submission from the two countries, was declared part of the World Heritage as a sustainable example of geological and geomorphological processes at the UNESCO World Heritage Committee meeting in Berlin on December 6, 2005. In Cairns, Australia, in 2000 the addition of the Dobšinská Ice Cave to the area was approved. The caves and geological formations of the Aggtelek and Slovak karst have an outstanding importance by their extraordinary richness of forms, their complexity, and that they are relatively untouched and concentrated in a small area. Today the area has more than 1,400 known caves. The karst phenomena has created a variety of shapes and habitats, which are significant from a biological, geological and paleontological point of view. In the temperate zone, caves do not occur in such complexity anywhere else in the world.

Cím:

The management system of World Heritage Sites in Hungary

Írta:

Réka Virágos

Oldalszám:

613 – 613

Nyelve:

Angol

The potentials and challenges of heritage interpretation at the Hortobágy National Park – the Puszta World Heritage Site. The Hortobágy National Park – the Puszta World Heritage Site is a cultural landscape, but for its diverse natural assets the area has several other highly prestigious designations (Biosphere Reserve, Ramsar Site, Natura 2000 Site, and most recently Silver Tier Dark Sky Park) making it a high-profile area on international level. Hortobágy is not only special for its natural and cultural values, but has a special connotation for Hungarians, as it is often considered the symbol of the Hungarian psyche and the fate of the people, frequently reflected in works of art, too. Despite both the objective and subjective values and notions, the Hortobágy is still understood and in many cases interpreted in a romantic, somewhat distorted fashion. The Hortobágy National Park Directorate, as the assigned World Heritage and also nature conservation managing organization makes efforts to build a thematically balanced, authentic and ethical interpretation system to provide an alternative and hopefully more appealing image of the Hortobágy. The paper is a snapshot evaluation of these efforts, but also of the wider construct and circumstances. Thus, besides presenting the site itself, the following issues are discussed: legal and policy framework, institutional setup, values and value judgements, the role(s) of interpretation in site management, standards, expectations, and gaps in the interpretation market.

Cím:

Using Big Data to discover how the maturity of a heritage destination influences the use and attractiveness of urban cultural landscape. A case study of Antwerp, Bolzano and Kraków

Írta:

Egbert Van der Zee, Dario Bertocchi, Katarzyna Janusz

Oldalszám:

614 – 628

Nyelve:

Angol

Big data analysis, especially of user generated data, is an innovative data collection method in tourism research. This paper attempts to explain how analysis of user generated content helps to map and understand cultural landscapes in a destination. Using data obtained from TripAdvisor a two-step analysis is conducted in order to map spatial behavior of reviewers at the destination and to use review behavior patterns to understand the shaping of the cultural landscape. Three case studies in which the urban cultural landscape is both a primary tourist attraction as well as an important part of local identity are compared, namely Antwerp (Belgium), Bolzano (Italy) and Kraków (Poland) and each of these destinations can be positioned at a different maturity level when applying the tourist area life cycle model by Butler. The results of the hot spot analysis show that there exists a correlation between the maturity of the destination and the review behavior, both in intensity as in perception of quality of services. An intensive use of a relatively small part of the historic center of a heritage destination and in this zone the presence of a cluster of facilities offering low service quality was found to indicate a mature destination and can be distinguished by applying geographical Big Data analysis on review behavior. Finally, this paper explains how user generated content can be used in mapping spatial behavior of tourists in urban cultural landscapes and what the limitations to such studies are.